In the past, people had burned straw in place to save time, so that the precious organic resources could not be fully utilized, which was against the principle of circular agricultural economy and was not desirable.
In recent years, various regions have gradually realized that the straw returning model not only adds potassium to crops, but also contributes to soil fertility. From the perspective of resource value, dried wheat stalk contains 80% organic matter, which is higher than rice straw and corn stalk. Its potassium content is also higher than that of soybean stalk. It can provide various nutrients such as phosphorus, calcium and iron in the main crop. The use of an organic fertilizer source can also improve soil physical and chemical properties, and is a measure for the construction of farmland basic fertility. Making full use of this resource is a powerful boost to the sustainable development of large agricultural production.
Straw as organic fertilizer resources is often returned to the farmland in three ways, namely, stacking, returning land to the field, and returning land directly. In regions where animal husbandry is developed, methods are often used to extend the industrial chain, such as biogas production, through the return of abdomen to the fields. In many areas, the shortage of labor in rural areas and the direct return of straw to the fields are increasingly common. For example, in Henan Province, Jiaozuo and Luoyang, the number of straw returned to the field was relatively large.
Although there are many advantages in directly returning stalks to the fields, many peasant friends in the past two years have reported that there are still several problems in the actual operation: First, it is easy to have yellow seedling problems at the seedling stage of the next crop. If it is handled improperly, it may also cause squat production cuts. Secondly, wheat straws with heavier pests and diseases return directly to the fields, which may lead to the risk of continued transmission. Third, the wheat harvest is exactly the three seasons of grabbing and rushing, and it is not always possible to plough deep into the fields. Different modes of returning to fields must be matched with farming measures. It is difficult to ensure the quality of sowing so as to affect the emergence of the lower jaw. Therefore, the following five technical problems should be noticed when the straw is directly returned to the field:
First, turn over time and moisture management. Can be harvested while reaping while harvesting, using more moisture when harvesting, and timely burial is conducive to decomposition. Soil moisture status is an important factor in determining the speed of decomposing wheatgrass. In terms of water management, if soil moisture is poor, irrigation should be performed immediately after ploughing. However, if moisture is good, it should be suppressed and the soil compacted to facilitate decomposition of straw.
Second, straw directly to the field requires additional supplemental nitrogen fertilizer. Because the carbon-nitrogen ratio of wheat straw is very wide, it is usually 80:1. If no immediate nitrogen fertilizer is added, microorganisms will inevitably compete with the seedlings for the available nitrogen in the soil during the process of wheat straw decomposition, thus affecting the normal growth of the seedlings. The application amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be adjusted to a ratio of about 30:1 by carbon to nitrogen ratio. According to the calculation of air-dried wheat straw, 100 kg of straw should be added with 3-5 kg ​​of pure nitrogen. In addition to nitrogen fertilizers, calcium superphosphate can also be appropriately added to increase nutrients, accelerate decomposition, and increase fertilizer efficiency.
Third, turn over the method. After the straw is chopped and ploughed into the soil, it is buried to a certain depth (about 20 cm). The straw should be chopped and the length of the straw should not exceed 10-15 cm. After cultivating and ploughing into the soil, be sure to cover the land tightly, suppress it, and prevent it from running. This will not only accelerate decomposition of the straw, but also does not affect the emergence of the pods after sowing.
Fourth, pay attention to the amount of wheat stalk buried. Calculated with air-dried straw, the weight of straw should not exceed 500kg/mu. If too much straw is turned over at one time, the quality of summer corn can be affected.
Fifth, prevent the spread of diseases. For wheat fields that have suffered general pests and diseases, when sowing summer corn, seeds should use coating technology to prevent and control the harm caused by soil-borne diseases caused by wheat straw. In wheat fields with serious diseases and pests, wheat straw should not be directly returned to the field. High-temperature composting can be used to kill pests and return them to the field.
In short, the direct return of straw to the field can increase the organic matter of the soil and return the much-needed potassium fertilizer in the farmland. However, if the operation technology is not in place, it will not only reduce the crop yield of the next crop, but will also result in the loss of precious "green water" in the soil of the cultivated layer. Therefore, it is necessary to follow the technical essentials of straw returning to the field in order to achieve the effect of improving the recycling agricultural efficiency and enhancing the sustainable production capacity of the land.
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