Red Fuji currently accounts for more than 60% of China's total apple area. With the introduction of this species and the transformation of the cultivation system from sparse planting to dense planting, apple's plastic trimming has undergone fundamental changes. Some basic viewpoints in the traditional plastic trimming and pruning theories cannot adapt to the needs of the new situation. There are new trends in the following aspects of management.
1. Implement dwarf planting
As a new cultivation concept, dwarfing, widening and dense planting cultivation has received more and more attention. In the past, most people used a 23 or 34 row spacing. After years of practice, the shortcomings of this cultivation method have been revealed, that is, closed orchards, poor ventilation, poor light transmission, inconvenient work, and reduced fruit quality. As a result, some foresighted people drew on the experience of European fruit trees management and put forward dwarfing, widening and dense planting cultivation.
The so-called dwarf wide-row dense planting cultivation, in general, requires a row spacing more than 2m above the plant spacing, generally using 13, 24 and 1.54 cultivation methods, the main shape of the tree or high spindle spindle shape, the choice of dwarfing seedlings or short branches, After dwarf cultivation, the tree height is controlled at about 2.5m.
The benefits of this cultivation are: First of all, smooth lines between the lines, improving the tree's effective light energy utilization area, the work is greatly facilitated, generally after the formation of the line to maintain a 1.5 ~ 2m channel. Secondly, the problem of confining orchards was completely solved. Under this mode of cultivation, there is no layer spacing between fruit trees. It is like transferring the space between the layers of fruit trees in the past to the interline space as a common passage for the work of farmers and the ventilation of trees. Therefore, the effective light energy utilization area in the orchard has not been reduced and the yield per mu will certainly not be reduced. It does not reduce the output, but also facilitates work. Again, due to the effective control of canopy measures, the cultivation model has short lateral branches (main branches), trunks, main branches (lateral branches), tertiary structure of the resulting branches, use of drooping branches, etc. Both greatly improved the air and light transmission capacity of fruit trees and improved the fruit quality and flower bud quality.
2. Decreasing the level is the core of the tree transformation
In recent years, the most central change in the tree is to reduce the level, the most substantial development or reduce the level. In the 1990s, the fruit tree community proposed dwarf and dense planting. This was a major advancement in the modern cultivation of fruit trees. However, due to the failure to better transform the tree, the management methods were adapted to it. As a result, the orchards in the country had obtained one. Common problems - closed.
Regarding the stubborn disease of fruit trees, many experts offered advice and suggestions, but no one dared to mention the dwarf and dense planting. Some even proposed the use of sparse planting to accommodate the crown. This seems to have solved the current fundamental approach to the confinement of orchards, but it has deviated from the right path for the development of fruit tree management techniques. In fact, the core of the problem is not how many trees are planted in one acre of land, but in the structural order of fruit trees. Traditional large tree-shaped, multi-dominant, multi-side, multi-level, more than 60% of the tree's nutrition used in the growth of new shoots, branches, only a small amount of nutrition for the results, and the contradiction inside and outside the Crown more difficult to control, inconvenient management In the crown, there was poor lighting and there was a great difference in the quality of the crown and crown. Fruit tree management is a five-level structure: trunk-main branch-side branch-result branch group-result branch. The structural hierarchy is too large and complex. For this reason, the tree of fruit trees has undergone a major change. This change is not a change in shape but a substantial change - reduction in the level. From the original five-level structure to the current three or two-level structure. That is: trunk - transverse branch - result branch or stem - result branch. The tree structure corresponding to this three-level structure has the following advantages.
1) Rapidly forming and it does not take much time to cultivate the tree skeleton structure.
2) Due to its simple structure, it is easier to learn and master.
3) The branches constitute a reasonable, higher ratio of the results to the branches and branches, ensuring high yields in successive years and high input-output ratio. 4
4) Nutrients transport routes are short and cost-effective.
5) Save labor and energy.
Therefore, reducing the grade is the core and essence of fruit tree reform, and it is the general trend of future development. Regardless of the type of tree, it is possible to simplify management and improve efficiency by reducing the number of levels, and solve the problem of airtightness by reducing the number of levels.
3. Using drooping branch results
Due to its low germination rate, strong branching ability, and successive fruiting results of the buds and axillary shoots, the practice of pruning and cultivating compact fruit trees in the past is not suitable. Putting flowers, pulling branches, and circumcising flowers and other means of flowering, and forming management methods for the result of drooping branches, has gradually become the core technology of management.
1) The traditional practice of forming short-sized sticks by short cuts is not suitable for Red Fuji
Due to the strong branching power of Red Fuji, it is what farmers say they love to run. After a short cut, it has stimulated the growth of branches, making it difficult to result in flowers; even if it is finally difficult to control the branches, the result is very easy to prematurely decline. As the other branches grow in large numbers, the light deteriorates and gradually becomes ineffective. Invalid branches. Since there is no load and it promotes vegetative growth, we see that we are sloppy and imaginary, so we cut it again and take it again, creating a vicious cycle.
2) The results of the orchard management in European countries also use drooping branches
In Europe, most of the orchards are managed using high-spindles. Due to the high labor costs, the general measures they take are that the new shoots only have the top flower buds, and the rest is dredged. The result is natural drooping, and then the old ones are released. The formation of a large number of flower buds, with fruit pressure crown, the formation of sagging results Zhizu.
3) The main trunk shape and happy shape management methods gradually formed in recent years in China have adopted the drooping results without exception.
In the trunk management approach, the result of sagging is directly rooted in the trunk and formed by pulling, branching, and ring cutting. The happy shape is formed by pulling branches and successively long years, forming a group of large sagging results with a large number of sagging result branches on the resulting mother branch. The difference between the two lies in the smaller trunk-shaped branches and larger open-hearted branches, which are not short in common.
4) The result of pendulous branches is not what kind of "shaped" patent
Through analysis, the reason why the trunk shape and the happy shape are popular and popular is because they all use the drooping branch results that suit the growth pattern of the Red Fuji. The result of the drooping branch is not a certain kind of tree-shaped patent. The sparse layered shape of the main trunk, the sparse layered shape of the short crown, and the spinning shape can all be used to improve fruit tree fruiting habits and improve efficiency.
4. Appropriately lightly cut moderately left branches to fully utilize the self-regulatory capacity of fruit trees
The biggest mistake of traditional apple trimming and trimming technology is excessive trimming, which destroys the balance between the aboveground and underground. By pruning branches in winter, reducing the growth point, leaving relatively more buds to obtain the water and nutrients, which played a role in helping the wind. Heavy pruning occurs in winter and the growing season is full. It is very difficult for the species such as Red Fuji to cause saplings to be difficult to produce and can not enter the high-yield period in due course. For red mature Fuji trees, too heavy pruning tree tends to prosperous, causing instability in yield. For example, the individual pruning amount of Qiaohua Red Fuji mature tree should not exceed one third of the total branch amount, otherwise it will be long. Branches increased significantly and flowering decreased significantly. Especially for saplings that thrive, the problem of light is generally not significant, but more importantly, it is not necessary to rely on negative measures to reduce the tree canopy. A great deal of practical experience has proved that the smaller the amount of winter pruning during saplings, the faster the tree development and the greater the amount of growth; the more branches are cut off, the greater the adverse effects on the root system, the more severe the weakening of the tree, and the tree vigor It is not easy to be stable. Man-made pruning tasks are heavy and pruning is very large. Mature trees, if lightly sheared and branches are too large, can cause poor light. Therefore, young trees should be lightly cut and retained for individuals, and mature trees should be lightly cut without affecting the light.
5. To stay weak and concentrated nutrition
The traditional methods of pruning are to stay strong and weak, to stay straight, to stay behind, and to train some small and medium-sized branches with a split bifurcation. This kind of artificially forced pruning method is often “pressing but not obeyingâ€. In winter, it will be cut off and the growing season will take place. This will not only result in instability of the tree, but also result in instability of most of the branches and branches. It can be used for varieties such as the Golden Crown and Qin Guan. Obtaining more yields for Red Fuji apples is difficult to achieve. The large fruit apple varieties represented by Red Fuji and the triploid varieties such as Jonagold should use strong Wang branch results in pruning, and the result should be the ones that have been strong and concentrated in nutrition. . Thin and weak branchlets within the crown should be thinned out; for the more vigorous strips, no matter what part of the crown, as long as it is not too dense, it is generally reserved. By changing the direction and angle of growth, the tune can promote flower buds. , Leap year results. The use of weak branchlets results in negative and passive results. Even if the results are at the disadvantage of growth and nutrition, the use of strong Wangzhi to transform the result into branches and branches is positive and active. The fruit of the knot is in the advantages of growth and nutrition. Parts. Therefore, it is the advantage of the growth and nutrition of the apple tree to use the strong Wangzhi to transform into the result Zhizu group. This is the basis for multiple results and good results.
6. Focus on sparseness and less use of short cuts
The traditional pruning method is mainly to extend the branch at the periphery of the short section, to maintain the branch of the branch, and to renew the branch of the internal condyle. Every short branch produces a helping hand and increases the number of bars. The more truncated branches are, the more strips are longer, and the more the trees are not opened, the more unstable the tree vigor is, the less likely it is to form flower buds. Tree-lined trees are generally caused by short cuts. Sapling early results, a simple and effective method is to follow the natural, in addition to the stem extension of light and short cuts in the extension, the remaining branches as short as possible, relying on fertilizer effect, so that young trees in accordance with the requirements of the tree and the direction of growth and development . For strong and long branches, let them be the result of flowering and fruitful. The saplings born from 2 to 5 years are basically not sparse. At the same time as the early results, there are enough strips. After adjustment, the results can be consecutive: For the red Fuji fruit entering the full fruit period, it is not necessary to shorten the peripheral branches, and it is not necessary to use short-cut methods to cultivate the stick groups. The crowded, debilitating branches, which seriously affect the light, can ensure that the canopy summer light transmittance is about 30%. The method of changing the traditional short-cut method is only sparse. It is actually a labor-saving and labor-saving method. It does not artificially destroy the stable shape of the tree, let it be natural, it is a reflection of simple pruning, and it can minimize artificially stimulating long strips. The amount of tree nutrients is saved.
7. Cultivate the results of uniaxial extension
Traditional pruning techniques, cultivating fruiting branches with leading branches, are actually not conducive to flower bud formation. Many short-cut, retracted branches, due to weak growth, nutrient solution transmission lines twists and turns, it is difficult to bear large and high-quality fruit, but also premature aging and the results every other year. The result of the uniaxial extension is the "resulting branch crane." The short fruit buds on "branch cranes" are of high quality and do not "dry out" and are not prone to frost damage. As a result, all the fruit heads were larger when they were able to draw secondary shoots. The unilateral extension of this kind of "pitch crane" is maintained every year, and strict fruit thinning is performed. Generally, the results can be successively obtained. Once the "branch crane" is weakened, it can be removed or retracted to have medium or long parts, and the cultivation of "branch cranes," can continue.
8. Using the back and peripheral strips to update
The main methods of traditional update pruning are short cuts and retractions. In essence, it is strong and weak, local promotion, large cuts, strong cuts. However, for Fuji, this method of updating is often "pressing and not obeying," but it tends to create an anti-boom and is not easy to flower. For densely planted trees, with the exception of the central extension branch, which extends upward, most of the remaining sections are within the available updates. The concept of updating is not a short cut, but a replacement. A strong banner, change the position, the formation of the result "branch." At the back of the "branch hanger", 1-3 long strips will naturally appear. Choose 1-2 ones for good direction, and wipe them out during the tender shoots. For such long strips on the back and at the top of the bow, they are drawn from the end of August to the beginning of September to the part with space, and through adjustment, they have become a new result of "branch." Year after year, it always makes the strong long strips become the result of "hanging." The year-by-year clean-up of excess and debilitating "branch cranes" will make the results of "branch cranes" not exceed six years of age, and will be able to achieve a strong tendency to change branches and trees with a long, short and robust result. High yield, three-dimensional results, good fruit (this is the basic characteristics of the "bead-style" tree).
9. Angle control twigs
By changing the angle of the branches, the growth force of the branches can be changed, and the strength of the branches can be weakened. Then, the ingenious retraction can completely change the problem of confinement of the orchard caused by the long main branch.
We all know that the growth of shoots is determined by both top and vertical advantages. The so-called apical dominance refers to the growth of the apical shoots of shoots and inhibits the growth of lateral shoots. It is shown that the shoots grow forward. The vertical advantage means that for a shoot, the relatively high position has a strong growth. Advantage. Combining these two growth laws, we analyze a branch. If the angle of the branch is not opened, the top advantage is at the top, and the vertical advantage is also at the top. It shows that the branches grow vigorously, and they grow longer, stronger before and weaker. If the branches are pulled down, the apical dominance is at the top, and the vertical dominance is in the middle and posterior parts. The entire twigs are neutralized, and they are not easy to prosper, and they tend to result in flowers.
For branches that are already too long, strong before the weak, and growing headlong, they must take drastic measures immediately and pull them down. The angle should be appropriately increased and the grounding of the branches does not matter. Then, the rear part adopts measures such as carving and ring cutting to retain nutrition, restore growth and cultivate new branches. After waiting a year or two, the front forces were completely weakened, and they retreated gracefully from a reasonable place. Only in this way can we shrink back, do not rebound, and fundamentally solve the problem of long main branches.
For the same reason, the same method should be adopted for the control of the branch on the back of the main branch and the control of the side branch. It cannot be cut or cut, but it is pulled down from the base. The specific approach should be based on the local fertilizer and water conditions, fruit species, spacing, growth and other factors taken into account to determine the main branch angle. In general, low-altitude water areas have a large amount of growth and a tightly enclosed orchard should adopt a negative angle. The greater the amount of growth, the greater the main branch angle should be. After the angle of the main branch is determined, the dry height is determined based on the situation after pulling the branch at this angle. For the main branch that is too low, it should be removed year by year, that is, the so-called lifting, after the dry, can pull the upper long main branch down.
10. Change the winter scissors to adjust for the four seasons
Traditional plastic pruning only pays attention to the winter season and often neglects the management of the four seasons. Many branches have been growing for one year and will be cut off in the winter. This will not only waste a lot of nutrition, affect the shaping according to the purpose and direction, but also make the angle difficult to open. Unstable, flower buds are difficult to form. According to the requirements of the dense-spindle tree, the pruning of the saplings is small, but labor is more. To ensure that each lateral part of the stem can be balanced in time in the desired direction, timely flowering results, reduced trimming, and conservation of nutrients must be pruned all year round. That is: the winter branches, spring buds, summer tune, autumn open angle. In the winter, branches are mainly removed from the weak branch of the crown, the outer branch of the crown, the forewoon branches on the back, and the over-strength branches. The spring buds can be adjusted by using methods such as engraving, wiping, squeezing, and the like. (Bao) fills in the air, eradicates the bud of the wrong position, removes buds from competing shoots, and shoots in the summer; in late May to August, it removes excess shoots in time; : Autumn opening angle, from late August to early September, for Wang Xiaozhi, who has a small angle of 1~2 years, pulls, pulls, or opens an angle to open the angle to a nearly horizontal state. better. For the result tree, it is also possible to eliminate some dense branches in the summer and autumn, and adjust the transparency of the crown to facilitate flower bud formation and fruit development and coloration.
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