The fermentation bed pig raising technology is a kind of ecological ring maintenance pig mode. The key is to change the current sty of pigsty cement floor to a ground with fermentation function. This ground is paved with litter added with a special fermenting agent. Fermentation means that with the help of litter, the fermentation bacterium uses pig feces and urine as the main nutrient to grow and reproduce and decompose the excreta.
There are four major advantages of the pig-breeding technology in the fermentation bed: no excrement and urine emissions, no pollution, satisfying the pig's living conditions and habits, fundamentally improving the pig's health and vitality, reducing disease, making pigs grow faster, and improving pig production performance. Provincial feed, water, labor and medicine; improve pork quality.
According to the difference in the moisture content of the litter and whether it is fermented in advance, the fermentation bed technology has two kinds of wet fermentation and dry scattering.
Wet fermentation is the method of mixing the litter material and the fungus evenly, adding appropriate amount of water, fermenting it in advance for a certain period of time, and then spreading it into the pig pen. Most of the fermentation beds currently used fall into this category.
The dry-sanding fermentation bed is a method in which the dry litter material and the microbial inoculant are uniformly blended and do not add moisture and are not fermented in advance, and they are directly spread into the pigsty and can be immediately fed into pigs.
This article focuses on dry-sweeping pigs.
First, the advantages of dry-sweeping fermentation beds
There are many advances in dry-type fermentation beds compared to wet-fermented fermentation beds.
1, fast operation. Without pre-fermenting the litter, the fermenting agent is only sprinkled in the litter, feed and drinking water are no longer added, saving labor and time.
2, thin padding. As long as 50 to 60 cm thick, the cost is low.
3, the province of accessories. No need to add active agents, nutrients, and salt, soil and so on.
4, dormancy is good. After the fermented bed is made, it can also be fed for a period of time before the pig is fed, and the strain is in a dormant state.
5, dry material. The burden of water evaporation is small and the moisture content is not easily exceeded.
6, more pigs. Dry litter is not easy to heat transfer, which is conducive to the insulation of the fermentation layer, so the fermentation efficiency is high, and the unit area can be one third more than the wet fermentation mode. At the same time, there is no need to build a large-scale cement stand in the pens, which also increases the area of ​​the fermentation bed and the number of pigs raised.
7, pig comfort. The litter is relatively dry, and the pig feels comfortable when lying down. In the hot days, the heat of the barrier layer is conducted to the pig, and the pig does not feel hot in the summer.
8, long life. Fermentation bed fermentation function is not easy to aging, can be used continuously for many years.
The effect of fermentation is good. Pigs eat more fermentation litter and the litter is continuously replenished, thus avoiding excessive accumulation of salts and other residual substances in the litter. No salt is added to the litter, which does not increase the salt burden on the later stage of the fermentation bed and is beneficial to long-term use. The material energy consumption in the early fermentation process is avoided so that the litter can maximize the fermentation effect.
9, good maintenance. The litter contains little water and is not easily consolidated, reducing the frequency of flipping. The litter has less moisture, lighter litter, thin thickness, and the middle and lower layers are loose and loose, so each time the flipping is relatively light. Without the cement bench, the labor of cleaning the stool on the cement bench was eliminated, and it was not easy to fly the fly.
10, a wide range of raw materials. The type of litter material is not strict, in addition to sawdust and rice husk, there are many kinds of raw materials can be used instead.
The dry-sweeping-bed technology for raising pigs includes five aspects: house construction, litter paving, daily maintenance of fermentation beds, herd management and disease control.
Second, housing construction
In the pig house, the east-west direction is generally selected, the doors and windows are as large as possible, and skylights and windows (ie, the ventilation holes in the wall roots) are added. Skylights should be installed at the top of the roof, one for each two. Each window is about 2525 square centimeters in size, and its height is about 15 centimeters above the floor of the pen. Excessively affects the rise of hot and humid gas on the ground. If it is too low, it may enter rainwater during the rainy season.
In addition to particularly cold areas, the front and rear walls of the pig house, especially the south wall, can be built in the upper part of the column. Also install the roller blind.
In the flat design of the housing, try to increase the area of ​​the fermentation bed and reduce the cement floor. In principle, no cement floor is left except for the necessary walkways, troughs, and drainage below the drinking fountains.
The space that holds the fermented mattress material is called the fermentation tank. The fermentation tank is as large as possible. In principle, a whole-through fermentation tank is used in a pig house, which not only has high fermentation efficiency but also has a low construction cost.
The chute is placed on the side of the road, usually on the north side.
The growing pig drinker and chute are on opposite sides. A 4040 square centimeter drainage platform was built under the drinking fountain. A diversion hole was made at the junction of the water diversion platform and the wall of the house, and the water leaking from the drinking fountain was drained to the outside of the house. Boars and sows' drinking fountains can be placed above the trough.
The depth of the fermentation tank is equal to the thickness of the litter. The depth of the fermentation tank is 50-60 cm. The walls of the fermentation tank should be made steeper slopes and should be cemented. The corners of the pool should preferably be curved, without right angles.
At the bottom of the fermentation tank, the land surface is preserved, slightly smoothed and dried as much as possible. The benefits of retaining the soil surface on the bottom surface of the fermentation tank are that the soil can provide some nutrients to the functional bacteria, and that the excess manure water in the fermentation bed can penetrate into the soil in time and play a part in eliminating and buffering the load of excreta and urine. Third, the permeability of the soil is good, which is conducive to the fermentation of oxygen supply. In addition, the soil surface can also play a role in insulation.
The pork sty is best built into a square, 30-40 square meters is appropriate. Piglets can be larger in single laps.
The nursing sow was 1.8 meters (3.0-3.5 meters).
The pen fences are preferably made of steel bars, steel pipes, cement railings or thick wire mesh. This not only facilitates ventilation, but also does not occupy space. At the same time, it does not affect the overall communication of the fermentation bed and increases the communication between herds.
The lower edge of the fence is 10-15 cm deep below the surface of the litter to prevent pigs from entering the rest of the space under the underside of the underlay. The fence is best to be easily dismantled so as to adjust the litter of the herds and pigs after slaughter.
It is best to remove the cement floor when the original concrete floor housing was converted to a fermentation bed. However, it is also possible to pave the material directly on the concrete floor. As long as the pig's breeding density is not high, the use effect is hardly affected.
Third, the laying of fermentation beds
Prepare litter material before laying the fermentation bed.
The litter material requires high carbon and nitrogen ratio, high carbohydrate content, loose porosity and air permeability, good water absorption, moderate thickness, non-toxicity and no obvious impurities. The so-called carbon-nitrogen ratio is the ratio between the carbon and nitrogen contents of the litter.
Sawdust is the best fermentation mattress material because sawdust has a high carbon to nitrogen ratio and is resistant to fermentation. At the same time, loose and porous sawdust, air permeability and water retention are also better. Due to the difference in wood and processing methods, the type, humidity, and quality of sawdust vary greatly.
Do not use toxic sawdust, such as beech wood, to prevent poisoning.
Use sawdust, which contains more oil such as pine wood, to be air-dried for a few days to avoid skin and respiratory allergies and digestive tract stress.
Pull out plastic foreign objects in the sawdust to prevent obstruction of the digestive tract. The dry spreader technology requires sawdust to be dry and to dry in advance when humidity is high.
Wood chips produced by wood processing can also be used, and the lowermost layer can be used all.
Rice husk is also a good raw material for padding and has better air permeability than sawdust, but its adsorption and use effects are slightly inferior to sawdust. Rice husk can be used alone or mixed with raw materials such as sawdust.
Peanut shells can be laid down to the bottom without smashing, and the thickness should not exceed 15 cm. It can also be pulverized to a slightly coarser grain size than rice hulls and mixed with sawdust or rice hulls.
The cornstalks can be planted in short or whole rows up to the bottom with a thickness of about 10cm. It can also be used with sawdust or rice hulls in as little as 3 centimeters or less in quarters or less.
Wheat straw or straw can be spread short or without processing directly to the lowest layer, the thickness of not more than 20 cm. It can also be as short as about 2 centimeters, mixed with sawdust or rice hulls, and the ratio should not exceed one-third.
Corn sticks, wheat straw and straw should not be used alone, nor should they be used after crushing.
The corn cob can be crushed to the size of soybeans alone or in combination with sawdust and rice hulls. The ratio is not limited, and it can be rolled to the lowest level after rolling.
Each ton of dry sawdust can lay about 50 square meters of fermentation bed about 10 square meters.
There are three steps in the process of spreading the dry fermentation bed.
The first step is to dilute the bacteria. Calculate the dosage of the inoculant according to the product description, and mix it with rice bran or corn flour or bran according to the required ratio (usually 5-10 times). The diluted fungicide was divided into five equal parts.
The second step is to spread the bacteria. The litter can be evenly divided into five layers and each layer of padding material is directly sprinkled with a layer of bacteria, one fifth of the total amount of bacteria used in each layer. You can also mix the litter material with the fungicide and spread it. Do not add water.
The thickness of the mat reaches about 60-70 cm. The newly laid litter is relatively imaginary. After being fed to the pig for a few days, the litter will be substantially compacted due to the trampling of the pig and the heat of fermentation, and the thickness will decrease by 20-30%.
If there is a small amount of wet sawdust, it can be singled out and laid out on the top layer without affecting the effect of use.
The third step is to feed the pigs. After the litter is laid, pigs can be fed immediately.
Fourth, operation and maintenance
Well-functioning fermentation beds have several features. The first is the fermentation temperature, the temperature inside the fermentation layer is 40-60°C, and the hands feel warm and even hot. Followed by litter state, litter moisture content between 20-50%, litter surface no obvious excrement accumulation, no fly breeding, no compaction. In addition, the quality of air, no odor in the pig house, no significant ammonia, feel not stuffy. No condensation drips on the roof and walls.
Routine maintenance is the basic condition for ensuring the normal operation of the fermentation bed. The operation and maintenance of the fermentation bed includes ventilation, excrement and litter mixed landfill, and litter turning.
There are three ways to ventilate. One is horizontal ventilation by doors and windows, and the other is mechanical ventilation. These two points are the same as those for cement. The third method of ventilation is the particular emphasis on the fermentation bed housing, which is the use of the circulation air flow formed by the sunroof and the ground window.
In the cold and warm seasons, the use of skylights and floor windows alone can basically meet the purpose of exhaust emissions within the housing without considering the temperature reduction of the housing. It is better to close the doors and windows at this time to ensure a smooth circulation of the air flow between the skylight and the ground window, and to reduce the heat loss in the housing.
Outside the temperature of the big pig stage is above 15°C, or when the outside temperature of the nursery stage is 20°C, the roller blind can be fully opened. When the temperature is slightly lower, the roller blinds are appropriately opened according to the situation, and the ventilation is combined with the sunroof and the floor window at the same time.
During the hot season, not only exhaust emissions but also cooling are required. Because of the heat produced by the fermentation, the cooling load in the piggery in the fermentation bed is greater than in the cement shed. At this time, mechanical ventilation and cooling equipment should be turned on.
The cooling bed in the fermentation bed is cooled and the cooling effect is better. A chiller is essentially a closed wet curtain, but it has a distinct advantage over a wet screen. The first is that the chiller is a positive pressure blower, and the doors and windows need to be fully opened during operation. The ventilation effect is good, and no obvious humidification occurs. It is precisely in line with the need for open ventilation and cooling of the fermentation bed house.
Excrement and litter mix and landfill. Pigs have a habit of urinating and urinating in one place, and must concentrate and excrete urine and litter. The purpose is to allow the excrement to enter the fermentation zone in the middle of the litter, creating good fermentation conditions.
If the excrement is concentrated for a long time at one place, the local fermentation environment will be destroyed, and not only the excrement cannot be fermented and degraded in time, but also the fermentation function in this area will be lost.
Regular and irregular overturning of dunnage to increase the air permeability inside the dunnage, prevent the ventilation after the consolidation is not smooth, resulting in anaerobic fermentation, can not be degraded pig excrement.
Piggy stage has a small amount of excrement and urine, and the temperament is also very cheerful. They like to run and play, have a large amount of exercise, and frequent excavation of litter. The accumulation of excrement is less, the litter moisture is small, the pressure on the litter of the pig body is lighter, and the litter is mostly loose. At the same time, the amount of waste gas and water vapor produced by the litter fermentation is not too large. Therefore, the maintenance intensity at this stage is not great.
As the pig grows, the amount of excreta gradually increases, the temperament tends to be stable, the exercise is reduced, the arch excavation of the litter is reduced, the body's pressure on the litter is increased, the moisture in the excreta and the litter increases, and the fermentation produces Exhaust gas and water vapor are also significantly increased, and litter is easy to compact. Dispersion of excreta and the turning of litter are becoming more and more important. At this time, the intensity of ventilation needs to be increased accordingly.
After the slaughter of the pig, the litter should be completely overturned, and new bedding should be added to the old bedding to reach the original thickness. If the original litter contains less water and excrement, the new mat does not need to be blended with old litter. Otherwise, some new litter should be used to blend in the old litter to increase the fermentation speed. The new litter needs to add bacteria. After about one week of fermentation, the pigs were fed.
After the big pigs are slaughtered, it is best to keep pigs. On the one hand, the temperature of the fermentation beds that feed the large pigs is high, which is conducive to the growth of piglets, and the pigs have less urine and feces. This is when the urine left by the big pigs is decomposed.
Prevent moisture other than excreta, including leaking water pipes and drinkers, rain and groundwater into the litter. To use a high-quality drinking fountain, it is best to use a nipple or bowl type drinking device. Do not use a duck tongue type drinking device as far as possible. Check and replace the water dispenser spring regularly. During the rainy season, special attention should be paid to the smooth drainage in the farm.
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