Alfalfa hay has long been considered a standard cattle feed and is still widely used. This is not only because of its good palatability, but also because of its high nutritional value.苜蓿 contains a large amount of crude protein, rich carbohydrates and a variety of mineral elements and vitamins, and has the reputation of "king of pasture". A large number of experiments and production practices in and around the country and abroad have shown that quail is a good feed for cattle, sheep, deer, horses, pigs, rabbits, poultry and other animals. The history of cultivation of folk tadpoles in China has been very early, and many excellent local varieties have also been formed. However, scientific research and understanding of earthworms have only been a matter of recent decades; domestic scientific evaluations on the value of forage nutrition and forage, and information on the development of earthworm products are particularly insufficient, and are even more distant than developed countries such as the United States and Canada. Far away. Therefore, this article only collects relevant research results and introductions from home and abroad in recent years in order to learn from each other, learn from and communicate with each other, and achieve the purpose of revitalizing our country's industry.
1 Changes in maturation and nutrient content The growth stages of pods are mainly divided into emergent, pregnant, flowering and fruiting. Due to the differences in plant maturation at each growth stage, the corresponding differences between workers and peasants (as shown in Figure 1), ie, protein, lipids, and minerals, decrease with the maturity of the plant body, but carbohydrates (carbohydrates, The trends in the changes of hemicellulose and cellulose and the quality of the lake are opposite.
Crude protein content and its nutrient crude protein, including protein and non-protein nitrogen (NPN), were obtained from the forage material by multiplying the nitrogen content by 6.25. The quinone protein is mainly found in leaves, of which 30-50% of the protein is present in the chloroplast. Non-protein nitrogen (free amino acids, peptides, amides, purines, pyrimidines, and alkaloids, etc.) account for about one-third of total nitrogen in the indole. After silage silage due to a large number of protein hydrolysis into amino acids, its NPN content can be as high as 50%. NPN can be well utilized by ruminant ruminal organisms, but it has virtually no utility value for non-ruminant animals.
The level of crude protein content is one of the important indicators reflecting the nutritional value of forage materials. Studies have shown that prion protein contains more than 20 kinds of amino acids including all essential amino acids of humans and animals and some rare amino acids such as citrulline Wait. The highest percentage of various amino acids appeared in the young stage (germination period) of pod growth, and the lowest percentage of mature stage (full flowering period). It is worth noting that if the unit weight (16g) of N is contained in the amount of acid, except for aspartic acid and glutamic acid, other amino acid concentrations increase without increasing the degree of maturity. Ruminant rumen microorganisms can synthesize all the amino acids required for the host, but for high-yielding dairy cows, the amount of rumen synthesis cannot fully meet the need for milk production. Monogastric animals need to supplement some essential and non-essential amino acids from the diet.
Because there is no significant relationship between amino acid composition and mature stage of barnyardgrass, the factors leading to ruminal swelling capacity of cattle have nothing to do with maturation. Mcarthur and Miltmore further analyzed and purified proteins such as barnyardgrass and found that the grass that can cause rumen expansion disease in the livestock has the highest total amount of protein compared with the forage grass without such damage, and the 18-S type protein (molecular weight is about 500,00). ) About 1/3 of the total; the latter 18-S protein is less than 1/3.
In most cases, forage grasses grown under high temperature conditions have the highest percentage of various amino acids. Sheldon et al. found that when the soil is treated with inorganic materials such as cobalt, copper, zinc, barium manganese, and boron, the proportion of amino acids in the limulus protein is changed.
3 Carbohydrates (Sugars) Nutritional carbohydrates (sugar, starch, pectin, hemicellulose, and cellulose, etc.) are an important class of energy nutrients. Over half of animal diets. The rumen's foregut is the main site for soluble carbohydrate digestion, which accounts for 70% to 90% of the daily intake of nitrogen-free extracts; rumen microbes can digest 50% to 55% of the total carbohydrate intake of the host per day. . Of the total amount of volatile fatty acids produced by microbial fermentation, 65% to 80% are derived from carbohydrates.
Traditionally, wolfberry has been used as a protein feed for animals. However, for high-yielding dairy cows, wolfberry can be used as its main energy source, and the production performance of dairy cows can achieve better results. Compared with other non-legume forages, the neutral detergent fiber content of earthworms is low, and the fermentation efficiency is high, so the feed intake of earthworms is high. There was no significant difference in the total sugar content among different growth stages (Melvin, 1962). The amplitude ranged from 4.79% to 6.88%. The structure of the hemicellulose was very complex and the content was between 12% and 20%. The content of the hormone is generally between 18% and 38%. The net energy (MJ/100 pounds) and production net energy of the four cellulose plants with 21%, 24%, 28% and 34% cellulose content were 234.1, 213.2, 192.3, 175.6 and 133.8, 100.3, 66.9 respectively. 33.4. For livestock other than high-producing dairy cows for production purposes, feeding a single diet can meet its growth needs.
When the digestible dry matter level is basically the same, the feed intake and daily weight gain of the grass for forage grasses are lower than that for the grasses. This is because the digestible nutrients of the forage grasses are mostly from the digestion of fibers, and the process is more soluble than the absorption. Nutrients are slow; while the process of eating, digesting, and absorbing earthworms is faster. Therefore, compared to the two diets, the livestock obtains more right-digested nutrients from alfalfa each day. There is also evidence that the utilization of digestive energy obtained from high quality feeds for finishing livestock is higher than that provided by high fiber feeds. Therefore, the total benefit of high quality earthworms on livestock production exceeds the benefits represented by digestible nutrient content.
Factors influencing the potential value of cockroach During the growth and development period of cockroaches, the growth stage at the time of cocooning is the main factor that determines the cockroach feed value. Other factors such as: geographical distribution, day and night, seasonal and interannual changes, temperature and humidity, soil type and fertility, leaf-stalk ratio, pests and diseases, etc. all have a greater impact on the value of alfalfa forage. Danson et al. used 3 different maturity barnyardgrass castrated at the early flowering, flowering and full flowering stages to feed the huaran cows with similar milk production for 3 years. The average milk yield of the 3 treatments was 5035. , 4428 and 4074 kg/year; the average dry matter digestibility of sheep fed with these pastures was 63, 60 and 58%, respectively. U.S. researchers confirmed that when the first difference between early adopters (late-pregnancy) and late-infestation (full-flowering periods) was fed to young cows and first-dairy lactating cows, the former's daily gains were 0.74 and 0.63 respectively. Kg (initial weight 272 kg, experimental period 201 days), the latter milk production were: 4000 and 3000kg (280 days corrected milk fat rate, wolfberry as the only energy source). Improvements in livestock performance are consistent with a 14% increase in feed intake on early hay and consistent high digestibility. It also shows that this difference in feed value is more pronounced for cows than for young cows. It is related to cows needing more energy. Winch et al. found in Canada that the dry matter production of the mid-pregnancy buds was the highest, the crude protein content and in vitro dry matter digestibility were high and stable, and the clusters were persistent.
French scholars have measured the digestibility of substances, proteins, and neutral detergent fibers (NDFs) of more than 20 alfalfa varieties. The results show that most alfalfa, whether they are between varieties or varieties, have the same digestibility of the above three substances. There are significant differences (p 苜蓿 feeding techniques and methods for the use of valerian as a single dietary, dietary, or protein supplemental feed for livestock. The use of barnyardgrass includes grazing, silage silage, and cutting to prepare hay and grass. In the form of powder, grass, and grass particles, the nutritional value of gramineous weeds is similar to that of silage grasses, and though the former is more palatable than the latter, overfeeding can lead to bulge in rumen livestock.苜蓿 Hay is preferred for cows and beef cattle. Forages have the advantage of good palatability and can promote the intake and digestion of other dietary ingredients. The grass powder, grass pieces and grass granules produced by dehydration have a wider range of feeding, especially for ruminant livestock. After dehydration, the protein content of ruminant protein can reach 58%-60% of the total protein, which greatly improves the utilization efficiency of the protein.
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