First, the application of ordinary cold storage to change the gas and membrane separation and nitrogen production equipment in modified atmosphere storage
Kiwifruit storage and preservation is a high-risk, high-tech industry. Through the joint efforts of the majority of science and technology workers and storage professionals, the province's kiwifruit storage has reached a new level, especially since last year, the production of kiwifruit in our province has increased significantly. The wider the scope, the increased the number of air-conditioning and cold storage, but with the market demand, the ordinary cold storage can not keep up with the development needs, because the ordinary cold storage fresh storage time is short, the product quality is poor, the market sales price is low, directly affecting the fruit farmers. The economic income of dealers and storage professional households has extended the investment recovery period of the database builders.
In most of the gas storage in our county, the PSA pressure swing adsorption nitrogen generator was used as a preparation device for the atmosphere nitrogen storage. However, due to the large size of the nitrogen generator equipment, the complicated valve control system and frequent switching, it often fails, the work efficiency is low, the power consumption is large, and more importantly, the infrastructure cost and product cost are high, so that the majority of small and medium-sized enterprises are built. The people are discouraged because of the limited economic power.
Xi'an Ultrafiltration Purification Engineering Co., Ltd. has cooperated with American Baumea Co., Ltd. to develop a high-tech membrane separation and nitrogen production equipment, which is leading in the country and reaches the international level. The membrane nitrogen generator is composed of a three-stage air filter and a PSA nitrogen membrane separator. The whole machine has a simple structure, beautiful appearance, small volume and light weight (only a few percent of the PSA carbon molecular sieve pressure swing adsorption nitrogen generator) The third-stage filter was introduced from Japan SMC Company, completely removing oil, water, dust and other impurities in the compressor air. The membrane module is the third-generation PPA nitrogen film of American Baumea Company. Nitrogen-rich nitrogen with a nitrogen content of only 3% can be supplied within a few minutes after starting up, and there is considerable separation of carbon dioxide in the system. If the new nitrogen-making equipment is combined with the cover seal technology, it becomes an effective low-cost atmosphere type.
Second, the ordinary cold storage conversion cover gas adjustment economic technology analysis
In order to meet the needs of the county to build fruit farmers, Xi'an Ultrafiltration Purification Engineering Co., Ltd. developed and produced PPA membrane separation and nitrogen generator series products, which is just suitable for the upgrading of kiwifruit cold storage in our county. Generally, 50~100T cold storage should be converted into a hood. If the account is adjusted, it can be calculated according to each cover account of 25,000 jins. 100T requires 4 × 2.5 × 2.5 cover accounts, and a total of 6400 yuan is calculated for each account of 200 yuan. It is produced by Xi'an Ultrafiltration Company. The MN5 nitrogen generator has less than 50,000 yuan in installation and commissioning costs.
Can do very simple calculations, the general cold storage fee is 0.3 yuan per catty, and the 100T library is 60,000 yuan. The storage price of the gas storage library is at least 0.6 yuan per catty, so the library with 100T is 120,000 yuan.
Excluding the ordinary cold storage annual income of 60,000 yuan, after the conversion of the cover air conditioning, the super income of 60,000 yuan, more than the ordinary cold storage income of 60,000 yuan, that is, the year of investment can recover the cost.
Third, kiwifruit storage and preservation operation technology
During the growth of kiwi fruit, organic matter is continuously accumulated. Most of these organic matter are transported from vegetative organs, but some of them are made by the fruit itself. Because the peel of young fruit often contains chloroplasts, photosynthesis can be carried out when the fruit grows. The size of the pulp should be stored in a large amount of organic nutrients, but not sweet, not fragrant, hard, sour, sputum, and mature. During the ripening process, these fruits undergo a complex biochemical transformation, which causes great changes in the color, aroma and taste of the fruit.
1. Increased soluble sugar content
In the mature kiwi fruit, a lot of starch is stored, so the initial fruit has no sweet taste. After the peak of the late mature stage, the starch turns into soluble sugar, and the sugar accumulates in the pericarp cells, and the starch content is less and less. The soluble content of sugar and sucrose is rapidly increasing.
2. Reduced sourness
In the mature kiwi fruit, many organic acids accumulate in the flesh cells, and the soluble acid content of the kiwi fruit should be above 6.5%. Therefore, there is a sour taste. During the ripening process, the organic acid content of most fruits is reduced, so some organic acids are converted into sugar, and some units are oxidized to CO2 and H2O under selective breathing, and some are neutralized by K+, Ca++, etc. . Therefore, the sour taste is reduced and the sweetness is increased in the mature fruit.
3. Fragrance production
When the fruit matures, it produces some fragrant substances, mainly esters, including aliphatic esters and aromatic esters. In addition, there are some special aldehydes.
4. From hard to soft
During the fruit ripening process, it is hardened and softened, which is related to the pectin in the middle layer of the pulp cell wall becoming soluble pectin. The experiment indicates that as the fruit becomes soft, the soluble pectin content in the pulp increases accordingly. After the pectin of the middle layer is gelatinized, the flesh cells are separated from each other, so the flesh becomes soft. In addition, the disappearance of the starch granules in the flesh cells (the conversion of starch into soluble sugar) is also a cause of softening of the fruit.
5. Darker color
When the kiwi fruit is ripe, the color of the peel gradually decreases from green. Therefore, when mature, the chlorophyll in the peel gradually destroys the green color, and the light directly affects the synthesis of the pigment. This also explains why the sunny part of the fruit is always brighter. It should be noted that the organic matter of the fruit of the kiwi fruit during the ripening process is obviously affected. The effect of temperature. Under the conditions of cool summer and rainy, the amount of acid in the fruit is more, and the sugar is relatively reduced. Under the conditions of sufficient sunshine, high temperature and large temperature difference between day and night, the fruit contains less acid and more sugar. In 1998, in the late growth stage, kiwifruit encountered continuous rain, resulting in poor fruit coloration, organic matter, especially sugar content, and difficulty in storage and preservation. This is the root cause of some problems in storage. However, there are also some libraries that have a strict preservation effect due to strict selection of fruit in the Taoyuan, strict operation rules, strict management of the library, and high-quality nitrogen-making equipment. In 1999, the climate was moderately adapted to the growth of kiwifruit, so the peaches had a large yield and the fruit was better stored.
Fourth, small and medium-sized cold storage reforms
1. It is important to choose the fruit that is suitable for storage.
Sensory index: The fruit has the texture and flavor of the fruit shape, size and color (including pulp and seed color) of the variety.
Physical and chemical indicators: the hardness is not less than 10Kg/cm2 when entering the warehouse, the soluble solid content is not less than 6.5%, and the sugar acid ratio is 8-10. It is best to spray a fungicide about 10 days before harvesting. The kiwi fruit that should not be refrigerated is as follows :
1 excessive application of nitrogen or improper application of fruit on the tree;
2 the amount of canned water or the fruit of the rain orchard before harvest;
3 too shaggy fruit under the scaffolding;
4 the fruit of pests and diseases;
5 leaf yellowing tree fruit;
6 burned fruit;
7 injured fruit;
8 malformed fruit.
2. Precautions for harvesting kiwifruit
The harvesting time should avoid the noon high temperature period. The fruit picking personnel must undergo special training, the nail scissors should be short-polished, and the cleaned line gloves should be worn when picking the fruit. Take it lightly and carefully, be careful as you treat the eggs. Heavy pressure, throw or roll, at any time, transfer the filled fruit box to the shade to be transported to avoid the sun.
Five, pre-cooling, packing and storage
The selected and graded kiwifruits are gently placed into the inner and inner storage tanks lined with newspapers or grass papers, each weighing 12 to 13 kg, and the cold storage is 50% potassium permanganate one week before the fruit is stored. Or formalin fumigation, then open the warehouse door exhaust ventilation for 3 to 5 days and then reduce the storage temperature to 5 ~ 7 °C. The fruits of the packing should be stored in the warehouse as soon as possible. The time interval should not exceed 24 hours. The storage of the fruit boxes in the cold storage should pay attention to the ventilation ducts. The direction of the air passages should be consistent with the air flow in the warehouse.
6. Early storage management
During the storage period, the storage temperature should be avoided as much as possible. After entering the warehouse, the temperature should be reduced to 0~3 °C within 48 hours. Determination of temperature: continuous measurement of warehouse temperature can be carried out with a recorder with direct readings, or manually by time. The thermometer is calibrated once a year before use, the error should not exceed ±5 °C, and the temperature is measured once a day after storage. Not less than 2 times a week thereafter, each measurement should have a detailed record.
Seven, cover and management
When the temperature of the stock is stable at ±5 °C after the fruit is completely stored, it can be immediately covered, air-conditioned, and quickly reduce oxygen.
Under normal circumstances, each library is 2 to 3 days. The gas composition of each account in the library can be reduced to:
1. Oxygen 2 to 3%;
2. Carbon dioxide 3 to 4.5%;
3. Temperature ± 5 ° C;
4. The humidity is maintained at 90 to 95%.
Eight, cover management later
After the cover, the temperature, humidity and gas composition all meet the set standards, and should be sampled from different parts of the library every half month. If the problem is found, the problem should be changed in time to remove the unsuitable fruits.
Storage life and storage index Under the fine management conditions, kiwifruit can be stored for 4 to 6 months, and the hardness of the fruit before delivery to the time of sale is not less than 4-6Kg/cm2. Under any conditions, the storage period cannot be extended to The fruit hardness is lower than the above indicators and maintains its unique flavor. To this end, regular sampling must be conducted to ensure timely outbound sales.
Kiwifruit storage and preservation technology is difficult, the operation must be careful and meticulous, the operators should be specially trained, and the owner is urged to visit the site to supervise the key operation links, strictly control the various links, so that the cover warehouse can achieve the fruit hardness and the green fruit. It is very fresh and meets or exceeds the preservation effect of the airtight atmosphere, and the fruit can be sold at the best price on the market.
The above materials have been summarized by Zhouzhi County Fruit Industry and Trade Co., Ltd. after several years of practical experience, and are now edited and compiled for the general needs of the general cold storage to adjust the account of the gas storage library or the built-in gas storage library, and provide design, Installation and technical consultation, all the equipment that has been modified and sold by our company to carry out tracking service to ensure the cost recovery in the year of investment.
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