Knowledge and Practice of Agricultural Engineering Technology Research in Semi-arid Region

Abstract There is a serious shortage of water resources in semi-arid areas in northern China, and the utilization efficiency is low. This cruel fact has attracted the attention of governments at all levels and the scientific and technological community. Since the 1980s, the country has attached great importance to agricultural research in arid and semi-arid regions. It has organized scientific and technological research for more than ten consecutive years and has completed a large number of scientific and technological achievements that suit the promotion and application of semi-arid regions in the north. In order to accelerate the assembly and integration of these scientific and technological achievements and provide localized and adaptable supporting technologies for agricultural production, the National Semi-arid Agricultural Engineering Technology Research Center was established in Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, in response to the approval of the former State Science and Technology Commission in March 1996. . The main tasks of the “center” are: serial assembly and integration of existing dry and water-saving agricultural technologies and scientific research results at home and abroad; development of dry-farming technologies and series of products, and direct application to agricultural production in semi-arid areas. ; To promote the sustainable development of agricultural production in semi-arid areas by improving the efficiency of water resources utilization. This paper systematically introduces the understanding and practice of the "center" research on semi-arid agricultural engineering technology. The semi-arid center, as a gathering place for dry farming and water-saving agricultural scientific and technological achievements and a source of radiation for agricultural engineering technology, is eager to work closely with the scientific and technological communities and agricultural production departments to contribute to the advancement of agricultural science and technology in the semi-arid region. I. Overview Drought has always been a major factor that has plagued agricultural production in the semi-arid regions of northern China. The arid and semi-arid areas of China account for 52.5% of the country's total land area, 860 million mu of arable land, and 570 million mu of dry land, which are mainly distributed in the Kunlun Mountains, the Qinling Mountains, and the areas north of the Huaihe River, including roughly 16 counties in northern China. 741 counties in cities and autonomous regions. The low rainfall and serious shortage of water resources not only led to the low yield and low efficiency of agricultural production in this region, but also restricted the development of the national economy. What is even more brutal is that the semi-arid region has an average rainfall of 250-600 mm over many years, but its characteristics are characterized by small, concentrated, and large interannual variations. Affected by the strong influence of the continental monsoon, rainfall is mostly concentrated in July, August and September, and often occurs in the form of heavy rain. Limited rainfall is not only difficult to use, but also causes serious soil erosion and floods. For example, in June 1997, an extremely heavy rain with a central intensity of 255mm occurred in Ansai County, Shaanxi Province, and nearly 200,000 mu of farmland was lost. In August 1996, heavy rain fell in the Taihang Mountains in Hebei Province. From August 3-4, rainfall in four counties exceeded 400 mm in just two days, and Jingxing County reached 697 mm. All the large and small rivers in the territory flooded and flooded. The counties had 17 townships. In 318 administrative villages, villages were robbed and villages and towns were affected. The number of affected counties and cities across the province reached 91, and more than 700,000 mu of cultivated land was destroyed, causing serious economic losses. On the one hand, there is a serious shortage of water resources. On the other hand, there is a huge waste of farmland irrigation water. In the North China Plain and some areas with better water resources, although groundwater is over-exploited year after year, flooded irrigation and other unreasonable irrigation phenomena still exist in most areas. Over the years, the country has attached great importance to the research of arid and semi-arid agriculture. Since the 1980s, it has organized agricultural research institutes and universities and colleges in countries and related provinces and municipalities to carry out a large-scale research on dry farming and water-saving agriculture. The Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, China Agricultural University, agricultural research institutes and colleges and universities in the northern provinces and municipalities successively completed a large number of technological achievements in the northwestern and northern provinces that are suitable for application in the semiarid regions of the north. China National Agriculture University completed a 400 kg per mu technique for winter wheat in the low plains of Hebei, and the techniques for high stubble, low tillage, and full-coverage cultivation of dry winter wheat in dryland winter wheat in the Heyang and Chengcheng test areas in Shaanxi Province were completed by the Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences. The scientific and technological achievements such as wheat film mulching and hole sowing cultivation techniques have yielded significant effects in increasing production, increasing income, and saving water and water, which have had a greater impact in arid and semi-arid regions. In recent years, with the continuous development of opening to the outside world, the application of foreign dry farming and water-saving technologies and scientific and technological products in arid and semi-arid regions has gradually increased, coupled with the concern of domestic companies in the dry and water-saving markets, water-saving irrigation. The product output has multiplied, which has brought unprecedented opportunities for agricultural scientific and technological progress in arid and semi-arid regions. In order to speed up the promotion and application of scientific and technological achievements and improve the maturity, support, and engineering level of existing scientific and technological achievements, in March 1996, approved by the former State Science and Technology Commission, the National Semi-arid Agricultural Engineering Technology was established in Shijiazhuang, relying on Hebei Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences. center. The main task of the center is to serially assemble and integrate existing dry and water-saving agricultural technologies and scientific research achievements at home and abroad; develop and develop popular and practical dry-farming technologies and series of scientific and technological products and apply them directly to agriculture. Production; Promote the development of agricultural production in semi-arid areas by improving the efficiency of water resources utilization. II. Reflections on the research of agricultural engineering technology in semi-arid areas The agricultural engineering technology research is different from the agricultural research in the traditional sense, but it is also different from the promotion of simple agricultural technology. The position of the Ministry of Science and Technology is: The engineering technology research center is a technology. The Department of Integration with the Economy is the source of individual research results and the source of engineering and technological achievements. In the establishment and operation of the semi-arid center, we have divided the whole process of semi-arid agricultural engineering research into three stages: The first stage is the selection of individual technological achievements, including the choice of regional adaptability and technological advancement; The second stage is the comprehensive support for engineering technology research, the completion of practical engineering technology achievements and the launch of pilot production or joint production of technology products with enterprises; the third stage is the completion of technical engineering, the production of engineering technology and technology products On the application, make a demonstration model. To complete the entire process of the above-mentioned engineering technology research, we must first realize three combinations: one is the combination of industry and agriculture, the second is the combination of technology and products, and the third is the combination of demonstration and sales. From the technical content, we have divided the content of semi-arid agricultural engineering research into three areas. The first is biological water-saving or called seed engineering, which includes the introduction and screening of new types of drought-resistant and drought-tolerant crops and new varieties; biological, chemical and physical methods to improve the performance and characteristics of varieties, as well as seed breeding, processing and Promotion. The second is the field of agricultural water-saving or technical engineering called agronomic measures, including the introduction and screening of drought-resistant preparations, high-efficiency pesticides, fertilizers, water-saving and water-saving technologies and products, as well as supporting and integration, as well as the provision of localized and practical products and technologies. The third is the project water saving or water saving irrigation technology engineering field, including the introduction and screening of water pipes, water lifting equipment, sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation equipment, supporting and development research, as well as the production of advanced and practical products. Demonstration model. Third, the practice of semi-arid agricultural engineering technology research has focused on the situation of severe water shortage and low effective utilization of water resources in northern China. The National Semi-Arid Center has made clear the main line of dry farming and water-saving agriculture to introduce and develop new drought-resistant crops. Biological measures including variety and drought-resistant crop types, agronomic measures based on photoenzyme dual-degradation mulching and water-permeable mulching, new fertilizers, pesticides and drought-resistant preparations, different types of sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation facilities, and new types thereof Water-saving agricultural engineering and technical measures based on the development of water pumps, above-ground, and underground water-conveying pipes are the main technical development routes. In the field of biological water-saving seed technology development, a dry-farming technology experimental station was set up based on the Dry Farming Institute of the Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences, and infrastructure such as drought-resistant laboratories, simulated drought sheds, and test lands were completed. As an open laboratory, the Dryland Technology Experiment Station can undertake the identification of drought resistance of various types of crops, and has become the designated organization for drought resistance identification of new varieties of crops in Hebei Province. In the past three years, through the use of drought sheds to artificially control soil moisture and test and identification under natural conditions, drought resistance and high yield identification tests for drought-resistant crops and new varieties have been conducted, and more than 100 varieties of wheat, corn, soybean, and sweet potato have been identified. More than 20 varieties were selected and recommended for breeding and promotion in different regions. According to the appraisal results of the Dryland Technology Test Station, more than 20,000 acres of fine seed and woody bases were established within and outside the province. At the same time, relying on the Institute of Millet of Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences to introduce Germany's advanced seed processing production line, equipped with the Xinjiang Machinery Research Institute The new equipment for cottonseed dehairing and the electrostatic seed concentrator for the Hebei Academy of Agricultural Sciences select seed according to seed activity. The seed selection, grading, coating, and mechanization of packaging have been realized, so that seed processing has achieved scale and industrialization. In terms of seed processing technology, it cooperated with China Great Wall Industry Corporation to introduce plasma seed processing technology from Russia. Using this technology to treat seeds can promote the development of roots, accelerate the growth and development process, and make the crop earlier mature, high yield, and enhanced resistance. After nearly three years of experimentation, corn and soybeans can increase production by 15 to 40%, various vegetables can increase production by 30 to 80%, and can be listed in advance for 7 to 15 days, and quality can be significantly improved. In the past three years, more than a dozen new varieties of drought-tolerant and high-yield crops have been propagated and promoted, and the area for promotion has reached more than 100 million mu, and the net benefit has increased by more than 200 million yuan. Such as: Hebei Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences grain and feed combined use of drought-resistant high-yielding new corn variety Yanfeng 58, drought-resistant winter wheat new varieties (lines) 4589,71 ~ 3, Henan Shangqiu Agricultural Institute of super-high yield of sweet potato new varieties SL ~ 01 and so on. In the field of agronomic water saving that is agronomic engineering technology, a fermentation laboratory and a soil and plant laboratory were established. The pilot plant was established with the introduction of technologies and formulations for drought-resistant agents, herbicides, high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides, plant growth regulators and various fertilizers at home and abroad. After screening, comparison, development and pilot production, several products have been demonstrated in semi-arid areas. The introduction of Japan's BYM bio-fermentation bacteria, a new type of bacterial fertilizer research and development, can effectively improve soil physical properties, reduce soil-borne diseases, promote crop root development, and increase yield and quality. The application of Zhuangfeng'an, which is an agricultural university in China, will not only increase wheat's ability to fight drought, but also effectively prevent and increase production. The degradation of the infiltrative plastic film developed jointly with the Drought Agriculture Center of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences can not only improve the natural precipitation and irrigation water utilization, but also adjust the soil temperature, avoid premature aging of the crops, significantly increase production compared to conventional plastic film, and reduce soil pollution. On the basis of the introduction of water-retaining agents and drought-resistant agents from Jilin and Shaanxi, we have developed anti-drought, water-retaining and root-removing agents and water-retaining fertilizers that have achieved good results in dryland applications. In the field of water saving in engineering, a pilot base was established to improve the anti-aging performance of the pipe combined with the Hebei Institute of Technology based on the introduction of the Beijing Riyue Group's double-wall clamp water hose technology. The quality has obviously improved. Cooperated with Baoding No. 2 Machine Tool Plant to develop a special combination machine tool to produce metal pipe fittings for water supply hoses. At the same time, it completed the production technology of engineering plastic pipe fittings, realized the assembly and integration of advanced technologies, and produced supporting sprinkler systems with bare hands. Easy operation and disassembly, automatic drainage, strong interchangeability, low price, and wide adaptability. In 1998, more than 40,000 acres were demonstrated in Hebei, Shanxi, Xinjiang, Gansu and other provinces and cities and welcomed by governments at all levels and farmers. In response to water supply problems in the water storage areas of the Northwest China, a miniature gasoline engine pump, animal pump, and its associated micro sprinkler and drip irrigation system were developed to provide supporting technologies and new technology products for water-saving irrigation in arid and semi-arid regions. Using the above-mentioned comprehensive engineering techniques, combined with the national or provincial dryland and water-saving demonstration counties, or relying on technical service stations set up in various provinces, large-scale technology demonstration and promotion have been carried out. The single project technology demonstration is organized by the professional engineering department, and the comprehensive engineering technology demonstration is organized by the demonstration promotion department. Established in Pingshan County, Hebei Province, a comprehensive demonstration area for dry farming and water-saving agricultural technologies with a scale of 30,000 mu, will display drought-resistant varieties of various crops, application of degradation and water permeable membranes, and spray and drip irrigation technologies in demonstration areas to increase production and income. The results are remarkable and have been praised by local governments and local farmers. Relying on the technical service station established by the Drought Agriculture Center of Shanxi Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the dry farming agriculture comprehensive demonstration area set up in Liulin, Shanxi Province, will focus on the display of various dry farming technologies and have a greater impact in Shanxi Province. The tasks of researching engineering technology and demonstration technology projects were implemented. The National Semi-arid Agricultural Engineering and Technology Research Center serves as the integration point of technology and economy, the transformation station for scientific and technological achievements and technical products, the upstream research institutes and universities for technical support, and the joint ventures with relevant companies in the middle to conduct pilot tests, or use high-tech Technological transformation of traditional industries, downstream rely on agricultural administrative units and promotion departments, promotion of scientific and technological achievements, distribution of scientific and technological products, the establishment of agricultural technical engineering demonstration areas. We are eager to cooperate sincerely with the scientific and technological circles, the business community, the business community and the majority of farmers, and make contributions to the progress of agricultural science and technology in the semi-arid region of China.

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