Peanut cultivation

First, the advantages of peanuts (a), fertilizing fertility, peanuts belong to legumes, peanuts, and other leguminous crops as rhizobia, Rhizobium have large potential for nitrogen fixation, improve soil nitrogen content and fertility. (B) Strong drought tolerance. After germination of peanuts, the main roots are rapidly stretched downwards and soon grow into four rows of primary roots arranged in a crisscross pattern. When the seedlings are close to the seedlings, the main root has penetrated deep into the depth of 20-40 cm. The soil layer, and there are more than 30-40 primary lateral roots. In the case of longer-term droughts, the growth of roots will be affected due to the slow growth of the shoots, but a large number of new roots will be formed within 2-3 days after the soil moisture is restored. (3) Economic benefits are good. In the middle and low-yield fields with the same fertility, planting peanuts is higher than corn, and the net income per hectare will increase by 1,000-3,000 yuan. Second, the land selection In the choice of land should pay attention to the following points: (A), select a well-drained, deep soil, fertile, loose, good permeability of sandy loam. (II) Selecting a plot with a low salinity content will affect the germination rate because peanuts have poor salt and alkalinity. According to tests, the germination rate is only 35% in 0.2% saline solution. (3) Choose land plots that have not been planted with peanuts and other oil crops for two years. Heavy peanuts show small trees, yellow leaves, early leaves, more pests, and less fruit. It is difficult to obtain higher yield levels even if the amount of fertilization is increased on heavy land. Therefore, the implementation of crop rotation is an economic and effective production increase measure. Third, proper deep plowing of soil preparation has a significant effect on the growth of peanuts. After deep plowing, peanuts are vigorously grown and have few diseases. The best ploughing depth is 30 cm, which is 8.7 percent higher than the 15 cm deep, and the deep ploughing of 50 cm is not more than 30 cm. However, it should be based on the thin and thick soil layer. The thick soil layer can be deep-plowed to 30 cm at a time. In the case of soil layer thinner than 30 cm, it can only be deepened year by year, otherwise it will affect the output. The plots for planting peanuts should be raised early to ensure the bottom crop, especially during the spring drought in the ten years and nine years in the city. They should also get up early to repress, raise water, and increase the soil moisture content of the crop, generally 15 days before sowing. It will be carried out before April 10th. IV. Fertilization (1) Fertilizer types and fertilization amount The type of chemical fertilizer applied is diammonium, potassium sulfate, and urea. It is convenient for the allocation according to the soil nutrient content and crop yield. Peanut special fertilizer can also be used as much as possible. Fertilizer, because of the small amount of nitrogen required by peanuts, requires nitrogen as soon as possible, which can easily cause the waste of nitrogen fertilizer. Fertilizer: Generally, 45 cubic meters of high-quality fertilizer is applied per hectare. Nitrogen fertilizer: Generally, 100 kg of nitrophosphate is applied per hectare. Phosphate Fertilizer: Generally, 150 kg of diammonium per hectare is applied, preferably according to the available phosphorus content of the soil. The effect of phosphate fertilizer is related to the available phosphorus content of the soil. The increase in the production of phosphate per kilogram decreased with the increase of soil available phosphorus content. Potassium fertilizer: peanuts require more potassium, but because most of the soil in our city has higher total potassium content, generally 100 kg of potassium sulfate is applied per hectare. (b) Fertilization methods Fertilizers, phosphate fertilizers, and potash fertilizers are used as base fertilizers. Nitrogen fertilizer must be used as mouth fertilizer, seed fertilizer (urea can not be used as seed fertilizer) or top dressing, because root nodule of peanut seedlings just begins to form, nitrogen fixation is little or no nitrogen, and nitrogen needed for peanuts is not caused by seeds, but basic From the soil. Although the nitrogen requirement at the seedling stage is not much, it is an important period of lateral development and flower bud differentiation. If there is a lack of nitrogen, it will have a great influence on the flower bud differentiation and ultimately affect the yield. V. Variety Selection and Seed Treatment (1) Selection of Varieties The selection of varieties should be based on the frost-free period, planting methods, soil quality and fertility. For a comprehensive view of the varieties cultivated in bare land in our city, the fertility period should be 120-130 days. Medium-maturing varieties, such as white sand 1016, Asian-American series. Peanut film can be properly extended, the role of plastic film to extend the frost-free period and shorten the growth period, the peanut can only shorten the growth period. (2) Seed treatment 1. Seed size, generally 250-300 kilograms of fruit per hectare, 2 kinds of drying, and correctly speaking, peanut drying should be referred to as sun-dried fruit, because the direct exposure of peanut seeds can easily make the seed coat become brittle. Burst, so that the seeds lose protection, easy to rotten species. Fruit drying time is generally 2-3 days. Although the beginning of emergence after fruit drying was only one day earlier than that of unexplored fruit, the emergence period was 5 days earlier, with an average increase of 9.1%. The suitable time for pod peeling is about 10 days before sowing. Experiments and practice have proved that the later the peeling, the stronger the seed viability, the more neat and strong the emergence of seedlings. 3, grain selection, many experiments show that the use of grain full and bright skin seeds for seed can significantly increase production. Grain weight of 0.8 grams is larger than the grain weight of 0.5-0.6 grams and the yield is 11.6%. The grain weight is greater than 0.9 grams and the yield is increased by 16.8% from 0.5-0.6 grams. After the classification, the seeds are even and tidy, and the seedlings are neat. 4, the prevention and control of underground pests. Underground pests harm the whole growth period of peanuts, resulting in a large number of seedlings and plants, and severe plots can reach more than 80%. Peanut seed coating agent is used to prevent seedling pests in the seedling stage, and 3% of formazan granules are applied with base fertilizer at 60 kg per pour to prevent and control underground pests during peanut growth period. 6. Planting density suitable for planting in our city is mostly pearl-type upright medium and small grain peanuts, medium grain peanuts such as white sand 1016, about 150,000 holes per hectare, 60 cm wide beaks, hole spacing 11 cm, and two seeds per hole. Peanuts: For example, four grains of red, about 200,000 holes per hectare, 8 cm in diameter, and two seeds per hole. Seven, timely sowing (a) peanut sowing time 5 cm deep average ground temperature should reach 12 °C or more, according to the determination of the city reached 12 °C time is about April 25th. 1. The timely growth of the early-growing peanuts is correspondingly prolonged and the flowering is also early, especially at the seedling stage, with more collaterals, more developed root systems, longer flower bud differentiation periods, and more flower buds in the early stage. 2. All local trials have shown that the early sowing rate is higher than the late sowing rate in the appropriate period. This is because it takes about 50-60 days for a fruit needle to enter the soil to fully mature the gooseberry fruit. For July 20, timely early broadcast can increase the rate of achievement. (2) The soil moisture content and the soil water holding capacity in the field are preferably 60%. When the soil moisture content exceeds 70%, the rotten seedlings are easily rotted. (3) Depth of soil cover, large amount of dry evaporation in spring, easy to dry seeds in the shallow sowing, the depth of earth covering is appropriate to about 5cm, soil is sticky, sensation is good, can be shallow, but can not be shallower than 3cm, sandy land, sensation Poor, it should not exceed 7 cm. Eight, field management (a), clear trees, is after the emergence of the soil around the peanut plants open, so that cotyledons unearthed. According to the test, Qingke's peanut production increased by an average of 12%. The reason for the increase in output must be based on the habit of peanut pods. The result of peanuts mainly depends on the first and second pairs of side branches. The main role of qing yan is to “liberate” the first side branch, making it directly exposed to sunlight at birth and short between festivals. Coarse, conducive to the development of the base of the second technology or the base flower bud differentiation. According to the determination of the first pair of collaterals, the number of results generally accounts for 60-70% of the total number of the whole plant, and the second pair accounts for 20-30%. The third pair of collaterals has few results and most of them are pods. Clear time, when the emergence of 50% immediately when the Qing Hao as well, according to the emergence of the situation at any time after the Qing dynasty, boring soil depth to two pieces of cotyledon exposed the ground is appropriate. When the peanuts have emerged, the cotyledons have been unearthed and there is no need to clear the earth. (B), the main role of cultivator weeding, peanut cultivator, first, loose the topsoil, improve the topsoil water, fertilizer, gas, heat conditions, promote root and root nodule development; second is to remove weeds, peanuts are generally at least three times cultivator, For the first time before the seedling was cleared, the wheat was harvested for the second time before the harvest, and the third time the wheat was contaminated before or just after the harvest. Peanut cultivators generally have the experience of “scraping the head, digging through it twice, and embroidering it three times and four times”. (3) The main role of earth-cultivation and earth-cultivation is to shorten the distance from the fruit needle to the soil, make the fruit needle as soon as possible, and create a loose soil layer for the fruit needles and the development of pods. At the same time, after the soil is cultivated, ridges are formed between the rows to facilitate drainage. The soil should have been soiled with a few fruit needles when the field was newly ridged or before sealing. A large number of fruit needles will be carried out when the soil is about to be buried, about July 20 or so. If a large number of fruit needles have been soiled and then soiled, they often only increase the chances of soil penetration in the upper part of the fruit during the later period. They can only increase the fruit or young fruit, but the soil layer of the fruit needles that had been soiled will become thicker and adversely affect the development of the fruit. , Increase pod rotten fruit (4) Reasonable watering and timely drainage in the flowering needle period, when the soil 0-30 cm soil moisture below the maximum water holding capacity of 50%, should be timely watering. It can increase the effective amount of early-phase flowers by 6%, and increase the seed-setting rate and fruit-fill rate by 4.5% and 3.5% respectively. During ripening period, ripe fruit should be adequately filled and drained, heavy rain drained, and dryness should be watered. When the water holding capacity in the field is lower than 40%, it should be watered in time. According to the test, the 0-30 cm soil moisture content is stable at the maximum water holding capacity during the ripening period. 55% increase production by 29% compared to 45% of water holding capacity, and decrease production by more than 40% when water holding capacity is less than 30%. (5) For the high-yielding early-season land plot (400 kg per mu), a large number of fruit needles shall be inserted into the soil 40 days after the initial flowering. The plant height should be greater than 45 cm. Next, regulate the relationship between the population's vegetative growth and reproductive production, maintain the effective leaf area of ​​the group, and ensure high yield and good harvest. The low-yielding field plots should not be applied. (6) Spray fertilizer to protect leaves. From the beginning of the scarring season, if there is premature failure of yellow leaf spraying 0.1-0.2% aqueous urea solution. (2) Control of leaf spot disease, spraying 2-3 times of fungicide at intervals of 10-15 days at the end of scarring, such as 1,200 times of forcing, can increase production by 10.53%. Nine, the harvest of peanuts must be comprehensively judged from many aspects such as appearance, development status of fruit and climate change, so that it can be seen three times. Three look: When you look at the ground, the top of the plant no longer grows. Most of the middle leaves have fallen off and the upper leaves turn yellow. In the evening, the leaves no longer close, indicating that the plants are already senescent, and you should seize the time to harvest; Second, look at the development status of the pods. Pull up the peanut plants, most of the capsules are well-textured and peeled, the sponge layer in the fruit shell has a black luster, full grain, and the seed coat is red, indicating that it has matured; Third, the natural climate changes, and the average day and night temperature drops to 15°C. In the following, peanuts grow and continue to grow. If the harvest is delayed, it will be harmful. If the anti-freezing is noticed, the water content of the peanut pods does not drop to 10%. After the freezing, the germination rate will decrease and the quality will change. .

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